![]() Epidemiology of Lirula abietis-concoloris on white fir in California. Control weeds around the bases of trees.Avoid planting in low-lying areas with poor air drainage. ![]() ![]() Repeated infection and defoliation leaves the tree with only two needle complements. abietis-concoloris forms a single brown line of pycnidia down the center of the needle. Several fungi species: Mycosphaerella spp., Phaeocryptopus nudus, Phyllosticta abietis, Toxosporium spp., Rhizosphaera. robusta forms two rows of light brown pycnidia on the needle margins. They can be differentiated from each other by the arrangement of asexual fruiting bodies (pycnidia) on the needles' upper surfaces. Both fungi form long, dark brown sexual fruiting bodies (apothecia) on the undersides of needles. Needles affected by these fungi first turn yellow and then brown the spring following infection. Symptoms Infections may remain symptomless until early in the second growing season, when needles turn brown or tan. During the third growing season, fruiting bodies and spores are produced. Newly emerged needles are infected but persist through the first and second growing seasons. My sources for this news release were the South Dakota Department of Agriculture Division of Resource Conservation and Forestry, North Dakota State University Extension Service and Wikipedia.Cause Two fungi, Lirula abietis-concoloris and Virgella robusta, occur infrequently on white, grand, noble, Pacific silver, and California red fir. The committee’s report was accepted by both the Senate and the House and on March 10, 1947, the Black Hills Spruce became the official State Tree of South Dakota. Lirula Needle Blight: This can cause graying of the needles and in some cases of infection, black bands across the affected needles. Both of these ideas were researched and dismissed by a joint committee. Others thought that the juniper or cedar should be the State Tree. Some contended that the cottonwood would be more suitable as the State Tree, due to its widespread distribution throughout the state. Originally the Black Hills Spruce was not a unanimous legislative choice as South Dakota’s State Tree. Common insect pests include spider mite, spruce needle miner, pine needle scale, yellow-headed spruce sawfly, and aphids. It is much less susceptible to Rhizosphaera Needle Cast and Cytospora Canker than Colorado Blue Spruce. ![]() The most common disease is Lirula Needle Blight. The Black Hills Spruce is subject to some disease and insect problems. In 1997, the National Capitol Christmas tree was a 63-foot Black Hills Spruce from the Black Hills National Forest in South Dakota. Today the wood is used for dimensional lumber, pulpwood, and is a popular Christmas tree species. I did receive your images and I ran across this article - Lirula needle blight found on Black hills spruce - Jill ODonnell, Michigan State University Extension, and Jan Byrne, MSU Diagnostic Services - JBrowning interior needles caused by Lirula macrospora are being found on Black hills spruce - The article is at this link: https. They collected the spruce wood for tipi poles. American Indians used the inner bark and shoots for food and the hardened sap for gum. The tree has been utilized by man throughout history. The bark is eaten by porcupines and the foliage is lightly browsed by deer. The seeds provide food for songbirds, upland ground birds, and small mammals. They provide very good winter cover for wildlife. They are a good tree to use as an ornamental and yard tree. They are used in conservation plantings and shelterbelts. Its USDA Plant Hardiness Zone rating is 2. The tree does best in full sun, is flood intolerant and sensitive to soil compaction. It prefers moist loamy soils but is fairly drought resistant and can tolerate gravelly, sandy loams and fine clay soils. Besides being called Black Hills Spruce, other varieties of White Spruce are known as Canadian Spruce, Skunk Spruce, Cat Spruce, Western White Spruce, Alberta White Spruce, and Porsild Spruce.īlack Hills Spruce grows best in acidic soils, but is adapted to soil pH range 4.0 to 7.5. It is actually a variety of White Spruce which is widely distributed across northern North America, from Alaska east to Newfoundland, Canada, and south to the northern US states in the Lower 48. Black Hills Spruce ranges from 30 to 60 feet height and 15 to 25 feet in width. It grows best in hardiness zones 2-6, and the full sun is ideal for this tree. Dead needles remain attached until they have weathered several. Common diseases include Lirula needle blight but are less affected than the Colorado spruce by Rhizosphaera needle cast and Cytospora cankers. Its needles are dense and are dark in color, varying from dark green, bright green to bluish green. Isthmiella (Lirula) needle cast affects white spruce and fir. It is large, dense, compact and slow-growing tree that can live 150+ years. The Black Hills Spruce, South Dakota’s State Tree, is native to the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming.
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